Influenza infection in a sow herd can cause abortion and can be transmitted to a vulnerable population including their piglets. The changing nature of influenza virus could allow re-infection of sows and, thus, sows could experience several seasons of influenza during their lives and are considered to be involved in the mechanism for maintenance of swine influenza viruses in a farm. Immune evasion from naı ¨ve sows results in mutant influenza viruses with antigenic changes and introduction of influenza viruses from other species into this reservoir displaying NeuAca2-6 predominance may result in generation of new strains that are efficiently transmitted to humans. In summary, the most striking finding in the present study was the presence of a greater abundance of N-glycans carrying a2-6 over a2-3 linkage type, especially di-NeuAc bi-antennary complex type, at the sites of influenza virus replication. This finding explains why influenza viruses that have continuously circulated in pigs displayed an increased affinity for human a2-6 sialylated receptor and indicate the necessity to enhance global surveillance for the emergence of a new variant influenza virus in pigs with the ability to bind to a human-type receptor and the need to establish preparation plans for the next pandemic, not only for H1 and H3 viruses, circulating in swine populations, but also H5 and H7 avian influenza viruses, especially highly pathogenic H5N1 virus experimentally able to infect pigs. Human ventilatory rhythmogenesis arises from the brainstem and the medulla. It depends on phasic neuronal activities taking place within central respiratory generators located in the brain stem and on their transformation into rib cage movements by the respiratory muscles. Nonlinear dynamics in the ventilatory flow output arises as a result of the complex interplay between central processing of the respiratory centers, peripheral afferents and stochastic noise inputs. When adequately stimulated, neural population from the pre-Bo¨tzinger complex exhibits in vitro an oscillatory neural activity like periodicity, mixed-mode oscillations, quasiperiodicity and ultimately disorganized aperiodic activity, a typical transition to chaos. However, peripheral afferents have been shown to play a role in the nonlinear dynamics of ventilation. Sammon et al showed that vagal afferent activity increases ventilatory complexity. In mechanically ventilated rats, irregular inspiratory-expiratory phase switching and central respiratory pattern generator output are consistent with low-dimensional chaos, probably correlated with lung deflation. In LY2109761 unsedated humans receiving mechanical ventilation, ventilatory flow has been shown to exhibit chaotic properties arising from the intrinsic properties of the respiratory central pattern generator in response to vagal afferent feedbacks. Taken together these findings point out that alone or influenced by respiratory or cardiovascular afferents.