These studies involved health care workers who may not be subjected to the same level of physical activity as those in mining activities as in this study. When considered together, our cortisol and urea data support the hypothesis that there is a lack of recovery from work in the maintenance crew compared to the more sedentary operator cohort. The analysis of worker urinary protein by SELDI-TOF MS offered an additional means by which to discover novel biomarkers of musculoskeletal injury or of exposure to associated risk factors, such as prolonged physical activity. The initial cluster analysis of our SELDI-TOF MS data revealed that a number of m/z peaks were associated with either the maintenance or driver cohorts. The most striking of these was a tri-phasic cluster with a central m/z of 16881, which we were subsequently able to visualise by SDS-PAGE and identify as containing Non- Secretory Ribonuclease and the LG3 peptide of endorepellin using LS-MS/MS. While the NSR, otherwise known as Eosinophil Derived Neurotoxin was not examined further in this study we did compare its expression to that of the LG3 in a separate study and found it to increase across a time course series in a single worker. While the significance of this expression pattern remains unknown it is possible that it may also be associated with physical activity level but LY2109761 TGF-beta inhibitor exhibits a less acute expression than the LG3 peptide. Urinary expression of the NSR/ EDN has been associated with eosinophil degranulation and allergic conditions such as atopic dermatitis and asthma. The NSR/EDN is also expressed in macrophages and is involved in inflammatory processes and the innate immune response inflammatory. Therefore, it may be interesting in longer term controlled studies to further examine the release profile of the NSR/EDN following different levels of physical activity intense physical activity can illicit inflammatory effects. To the best of our knowledge this is the first study to demonstrate that physically active workers have higher urinary levels of the LG3 peptide of endorepellin. The LG3 peptide is the C-terminal bioactive proteolytic fragment of endorepellin, which is itself an 80 kDa bioactive C-terminal protein of perlecan. Interestingly, perlecan is a major extracellular matrix constituent of all basement membranes and significantly, articular cartilage, and neuromuscular junctions. In 2003, Mongiat et al. hypothesised that endorepellin might be released from articular cartilage during remodelling or inflammation. Given that during intense physical activity/exercise, both muscle tissue and articular cartilage are subjected to forces capable of inducing inflammation and tissue remodelling processes, the appearance of the LG3 peptide of endorepellin in the urine of physically active mining workers, as described in this study, supports the hypothesis (+)-JQ1 clinical trial proposed.