Liver concentric effects of CSbnp could be one reason that facilitated antioxidant defence mechanism and aided in beta cell regeneration.For the sliding window analysis of Ka/ Ks, we used a bootstrap method to eliminate the effect of potential bias from the sequencing and assembly error in a few genes. For the synteny analysis, there are sequences that are not mapped onto the chromosomes of the marmoset.In macaques, several sequences are mapped onto a chromosome region that is quite far from the defensin gene locus presented in the synteny map. Host immune systems evolve various defensive weapons against pathogens during the pathogen-host arms race. Defensins are small antimicrobial peptides that act as 25-Methoxyalisol-A both effectors and mediators of host immunity. These endogenous cationic and amphipathic peptides have broad-spectrum antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral activity. They also modulate the innate and adaptive immune systems by promoting or suppressing the proinflammatory responses during microbial infection. The a-defensins, which originate from the bdefensins, are younger members. The a-defensins are found in marsupials and most mammals but were Alisol-A-24-acetate lost in some Laurasiatheria species, such as cattle and dogs. For the analysis of positive selection using PAML, sequencing and assembly errors may cause bias. Our results of PAML analysis for separate clusters show that most of the positively selected sites are located in the mature peptide, similar to the results of a previous study that analyzed all the DEFA sequences together.