In the same plant materials, Chaitieng et al. reported that polymorphism rate of the genomic azuki bean SSRs was as high as 50% in black gram to 63% in mungbean. Thus low polymorphism rate of the azuki bean EST-SSRs can be an undesirable character for the use of these markers in comparative genome mapping in the genus Vigna. However, EST-SSRs represent true genetic diversity which may be more directly associated with traits of interest in breeding as compared to gSSRs, and they may reflect better relationships among the related species in genetic diversity study. In Thailand, this species is restricted to rocky limestone mountains. Its habitats suggest that it may be useful as gene sources for resistant to alkaline soil and drought conditions. SSR analysis revealed high level of intra-specific diversity in V. exilis. Our results also supported this despite only 13 accessions from narrow geographical origin of this species were used, the species showed similar level of gene diversity to V. tenuicaulis and V. trinervia. V. Magnoflorine-iodide minima has broad environments adaptation and grows well in shaded deciduous forest floors and Procyanidin-B2 open-wet habitats in East and Southeast Asia. It is the only species in section Angulares that is found on the forest floor. Among the Asian Vigna species analyzed in this study, V. minima is the second most diverse species after V. hirtella. The high differentiation of V. minima is due to wide geographical distribution of the analyzed accessions. In Southeast Asia, isolation of V. minima in forests in different mountainous regions across Thailand and Myanmar and its sporadic occurrence in patches of forests in those regions may account for high level of population divergence. Unraveling signaling networks from the perspective of understanding systems biology has been the most popular approach to set up an effective platform to identify sensitive cell signaling nodes leading to novel drug targets. Consequently, E2F4 and E2F5 commonly act as repressors of E2F responsive genes, which may explain why forced expression of these factors inhibits proliferation and transformation in our studies.