AIv and migratory birds as AIv carriers, and help determine the risks related to the spread of AIv. The objective of our research was to evaluate the role of (R)-(-)-Modafinic acid summer wetlands and resident waterfowl in California as potential reservoirs for AIv. We hypothesized that AIv subtypes would be Octinoxate unlikely to persist in these wetlands during the summer because of unfavorable environmental conditions and absence of a sufficient waterfowl population to serve as an effective AIv reservoir. We collected up to 20 fecal samples from resident waterfowl and 20 water samples at ten wetlands in two regions of the California Central Valley at bi-weekly intervals from late July to late August 2010; three wetlands were in the Yolo Bypass east of Davis, CA, and the other seven were 80�C100 km north in the Sacramento Valley. Although waterfowl species are known to contribute to the dispersal of AIv from breeding to wintering areas, our study is the first to investigate the presence of virus in wetlands and resident waterfowl populations in southern wetlands during summer. We detected AIv RNA in 7.9% of fecal samples of resident waterfowl, with a higher detection probability in SACV than YOLO wetlands. The probability of detection of AIv RNA was significantly lower in water compared with feces. We isolated multiple influenza viruses from fecal samples at several SACV wetlands, indicating circulating LPAIv infections in resident duck species late into the summer. We found a low detection of AIv RNA in water samples, although virus isolation in feces indicates ducks were shedding live virus into wetlands. However, virus dilution in wetlands is expected to reduce virus concentration and detection probability, as indicated by the higher RT-PCR Ct values in water. In laboratory experiments, LPAIv persist in water conditions similar to those measured during our study from a few days to a few months, but there is limited information on the influence of natural wetland characteristics on virus persistence. Microorganisms and filter-feeding bivalves can reduce AIv survival and infectivity. Although we conducted detailed statistical analyses, we were not able to show any significant influence of water characteristics, concentrations of coliform bacteria, or bird abundance on AIv detection. We suspect the low detection rate and the limited range of conditions in our study affected this analysis. Our findings indicate the need for improved detection of AIv in water samples as well as the investigation of biotic and abiotic components affecting virus survival in natural environments. We isolated several AIv subtypes from fecal samples indicating current infections of resident waterfowl and environmental contamination in California wetlands during summer. We obtained virus from 17.2% of rRT-PCR positive fecal samples which corresponds with the range reported in other studies. However, we did not isolate AIv from positive water samples.