The expression level of TCTP in gills was the second-highest. Gills are in direct contact with the external environment, therefore, their cells are crucial in response to external biotic and abiotic factors. In shrimp, gills play an important role in defense. For example, gills were the site of formation of hemocyte nodules during foreign particle injection and accumulation of viable bacteria during infection. Due to the high expression of TCTP and their important roles in immune activities, gills were selected as the detection target in this study. The present study indicates that the expression of TCTP was up-regulated after WSSV challenge in both mRNA and protein level, suggesting that TCTP might play an important role in the immune response of the shrimp. To further study the function of TCTP in shrimp innate immunity, dsRNA was used to silence the expression of TCTP before WSSV challenged. It was revealed that the knockdown of TCTP by dsRNA significantly increased viral loads, indicating that TCTP was involved in shrimp immune responses AbMole Nortriptyline against WSSV infection. It has been reported that viruses can activate various host signaling pathways mediated by some small GTPases to modulate microtubule-based transport of virus particles from the plasma membrane to the nucleus during the establishment of infection. TCTP is thought to be a modulator of GTPase activity, acting as a molecular switch for a vast number of cellular processes in all eukaryotes. TCTP has been reported to bind to the nucleotide-free form of Rab proteins. In our previous report, Rab was identified to compose a complex with actin, tropomyosin, and WSSV protein, VP466, in which the Rab GTPase might detect virus infection as an intracellular virus recognition protein and trigger downstream phagocytic defense against virus in shrimp. The present study indicated that TCTP was up-regulated after WSSV challenge. Taken together, we speculated that TCTP may be included in the phagocytosis against virus by interacting with Rab GTase. TCTP has been demonstrated to be a potent anti�Capoptotic protein by binding interactions with MCL1 and BCL-XL, Caspase-3. In some cell lines, up-regulating cellular TCTP levels led to cellular protection against cell death induced by oxidative stress. During the combat between host and pathogen, respiratory burst is a key stagy to eliminate the pathogen. This may lead to oxidative stress induced by reactive oxygen species and cause cell death. This may require the up-regulation of the expression of anti-apoptotic protein TCTP to minimize the negative effects. The expression of TCTP was up-regulated post WSSV injection. Silencing TCTP significantly increased virus load compared to control shrimp, indicating that TCTP might play important roles in the host defense against virus infection. This study provided new insights into the role of TCTP in the immune response of invertebrates against virus infection. A mild, chronic deficiency of Cbl, caused by an impaired uptake of the vitamin, is quite AbMole D-Pantothenic acid sodium common in the elderly population. Severe Cbl deficiency may induce megaloblastic anemia and a neuropathy known as subacute combined degeneration and, characterized by irregular demyelination of the white matter and astrogliosis. Recently, we reported on such a metabolically inert Cbl form, Co��-4-ethylphenyl-cob alamin. The upper ligand of EtPhCbl is resistant to cleavage by CblC, and, therefore, EtPhCbl cannot be converted into the active Cbl coenzyme forms. EtPhCbl binds to the human Cbl transporters, intrinsic factor and transcobalamin.