A clear increase was mainly observed within the epithelial compartment that stains weakly in healthy controls and increases noticeably in inflamed samples of IBD patients. ER stress is a common feature of CPI-613 intestinal secretory cells such as 1195765-45-7 Paneth cells, enteroendocrine cells and to a lesser extent goblet cells. A number of physiological processes and environmental factors which include bacteria, metabolic factors, drugs, hypoxia and inflammation promote the secretory activity of these cells, thus inducing stress on the protein quality control machinery. Genome wide linkage studies associate 22q12, the region where XBP1 resides, with genetic susceptibility to IBD . Recently, multiple single nucleotide polymorphism in XBP1 were found to be associated with both UC and CD . XBP1 is a critical transcription factor of the IRE1 branch of the UPR and it is activated when unfolded or misfolded proteins accumulate in the ER. In addition, mouse models link the IRE1 pathway to intestinal inflammation and reveal its importance in secretory cells . The epithelial-specific deletion of XBP1 in mice resulted in spontaneous ileitis and increased susceptibility to chemically induced colitis . The extensive ileal inflammation was accompanied with the absence of Paneth cells and a significant reduction in goblet cells. In our study, we performed an extensive analysis of transcript and protein levels of human genes involved in the three UPR pathways in colonic and ileal biopsies of healthy controls and patients with UC and CD. Inflammation is the first protective response of a tissue to infection or injury in order to initiate the healing process. On the opposite, chronic inflammation which is a hallmark of IBD is a prolonged inflammation detrimental to the tissue. IL8 is a welldocumented marker of colonic inflammation, and both IL8 protein and mRNA levels correlate with the degree of inflammation . In agreement with previous studies, we found an increase of IL8 mRNA in biopsy samples taken in involved mucosa of IBD patients. In other situations where no inflammation is expected, no increase in IL8 was observed; mucosal samples of IBD patients in remission, colonic samples of CD patients with isolated ileal disease -CD-L1-, ileal samples of CD patients with isolated colonic disease -CD-L2- as well as ileal samples of UC samples. Additionally, our data reveals the complexity of using endoscopically non-inflamed samples of active CD patients as antithesis for inflamed samples.