Its growth traits related to harvestability, temperature range, and tolerance of high salt, pH, and light, paired with facile genetic manipulation, make Niraparib citations Leptolyngbya BL0902 a potential commercial production platform strain. Leptolyngbya BL0902 growth rates in the laboratory and in outdoor ponds were similar to those of Arthrospira spp. that are currently grown at commercial scales, and large-scale outdoor pond cultures showed excellent stability during 3 months of growth in the summer of 2009. This is noteworthy because 13 out of 15 tested strains failed attempts to scale up to 1-acre growth ponds . Morphology and molecular data place Leptolyngbya BL0902 as a novel isolate of this genus, within a cluster of thin oscillatorians isolated from a variety of biotopes and locations, which suggests a high resilience and competitiveness in a range of environmental conditions. The Leptolyngbya genus is heterogeneous and polyphyletic with a high genotypic diversity hidden behind a simple morphology. Specimens have been reported from hypersaline, marine, and freshwater habitats ranging from Antarctic lakes to hot springs. Most would have originally been identified as species of Lyngbya Agardh 1824, Phormidium Kutzing 1843, Plectonema Thuret 1875, or Oscillatoria Vaucher 1803, and were grouped under the name LPP . This group was later revised to form a new genus, Leptolyngbya . Leptolyngbya BL0902 accumulated higher FAME content and a higher proportion of mono-unsaturated fatty acids, preferable for a biodiesel feedstock, than two strains of Arthrospira spp.; the latter have high levels of tri-unsaturated fatty acids, preferable for nutritional applications but not desirable for fuel applications due to low oxidative stability. FAME SJN 2511 recovery by a proprietary direct conversion process for Leptolyngbya BL0902 and other cyanobacterial strains was significantly higher than has been reported by standard Bligh-Dyer extraction for cyanobacterial strains . Further improvement of the Leptolyngbya BL0902 fatty acid profile may be achieved by overexpressing the native or a heterologous D-9 acyl-lipid desaturase to increase the proportion of monounsaturated fatty acids. Microalgal industrial production strains will need to be genetically manipulable. At least thirty-three different strains of cyanobacteria have been transformed, and a variety of genetic tools have become available since the unicellular cyanobacterium S. elongatus PCC 7942 was transformed four decades ago . While transformation and electroporation are used for some strains, including a few naturally transformable cyanobacteria , conjugation, first shown in Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 , is generally the most successful and efficient method for gene transfer into cyanobacteria . Conjugal plasmids derived from the related IncPa plasmids RP4 and RK2 , including pRL443 and pRK2013, have been used to mediate transfer of engineered cargo plasmids into several strains .