Even though chloral hydrate has not been recommended for animal Carfilzomib cost euthanasia in the CCAC guidelines, it was in line with the 10 general guiding principles listed in “CCAC guidelines on: euthanasia of animals used in science”, because it can result in rapid loss of consciousness and cause little distress and pain to the animals when used terminally. Meanwhile, gaseous anesthetics such as isoflurane may present health hazards to humans if not properly scavenged, for which special equipment is needed. As the main contractile protein of myocardium, myoglobulin constitutes 60% of the mass of the entire heart and consists of one pair of MHCs and two pairs of MLCs. The two types of MHCs are ��-MHC and ��-MHC. The myocardial MHC phenotype changes correspond to the different stages of growth and development. Accumulating research has suggested that the essence of myocardial remodeling is the process of the transformation of the myocardial cell phenotypes. The readjustment of the myocardial contractile proteins occurs in all types of emergency situations, and the change from ��-MHC to ��-MHC is regarded as a molecular marker for hypertrophied or failing myocardium. In this research, we observed that GCIP-27 clearly increased the myocardial expression of ��-MHC and decreased ��-MHC expression in rats with CHF. GCIP-27 is able to correct the imbalance of myosin heavy chain expression and thereby enhance myocardial contractility. Additionally, GCIP-27 treatment maintained the activity of the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase 2a and reversed the intracellular calcium overload as well. In cardiac muscle, the sarcoplasmic reticulum plays an important role in excitation-contraction coupling through the regulation of intracellular free-Ca2+ concentrations. Muscle relaxation is initiated by Ca2+ transport from the cytosol into the sarcoplasmic reticulum by cardiac SERCA2a. The downregulation of SERCA2a has been reported to be a sign for the transition from compensated hypertrophy to a decompensated stage of CHF. Many observations have suggested that the downregulation of SERCA2 might occur through a protein kinase C – related process. The PKC family consists of 15 isoenzymes, including PKC��, PKC��, PKC��, PKC��, PKC�� and PKC��. A study in a PKC��-knockout mouse model demonstrated that PKC�� expression is not required for cardiac function under normal physiological conditions; however, PKC�� activation is necessary for cardioprotection in myocardial hypertrophy and heart Fingolimod failure. PKC�� and PKC�� increase their expression and thereby decrease the contractile ability of cardiomyocytes during myocardial hypertrophy and heart failure.