In this way, SMSCs might differentiate into stroma cells, reduce the inflammatory response in the ovaries, and improve the germ cell niche, which is important for folliculogenesis and fertility. First reported by Peterson et al. in 1999, bone marrow from male rats was transplanted into lethally irradiated syngeneic females in order to trace the donor cells in the recipients by using Y chromosome-specific DNA probes without causing immune MRS 2279 rejection. Takehara et al. recently described the effectiveness of male adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells after their transplantation into ovaries and found these cells to have a role in restoring damaged ovarian function. Consistent with these reports, male derived SMSC were found to have the same restorative effects on ovarian function as female derived SMSCs and that they do not have a higher rate of immune rejection. Glutathione conjugation is essential for the detoxification of xenobiotics. Several studies have also implicated conjugation reactions with endogenous compounds, such as a,bunsaturated aldehydes and prostaglandin, resulting in the excretion of at least one MN 64 water-soluble compound. GSH transferases are responsible for catalysis of this conjugation and are distributed ubiquitously among aerobic organisms. GSTs are cytosolic enzymes, widely distributed across both prokaryotic and eukaryotic kingdoms. In mammals, there are seven GST classes that can be distinguished based on their primary amino acid sequence; identity is approximately 50% within a class and less that 30% between different classes. Six GST classes have been identified in dipteran insects, such as Anopheles gambiae and Drosophila melanogaster. Insect GSTs can determine sensitivity to insecticides, and since the Lepidoptera are the principal insect pests in agriculture, knowledge of lepidopteran GSTs is of great importance. The activity profile of bmGSTT sheds further light on the way in which insects deal with xenobiotic agents and contributes to a more detailed understanding of the GST system in general. Although many GSTs have been identified in B. mori, the theta class remains poorly understood. This is a critical gap in our knowledge, because understanding the metabolic profile of thetaclass GSTs may provide novel insecticide-targeting strategies. According to the silkworm genome sequence, there could be 23 homologs of GSTs: delta-class, epsilon-class, omega-class, sigma-class, theta-class, zeta-class, and unclassified GSTs. GSTs catalyze a broad range of reactions, and each family member has its own discrete substrate specificity. This characteristic is also true for B. mori GSTs. bmGSTT possesses GSH-conjugation activities toward EPNP and 4NPB, a property shared with mammalian theta-class GSTs.