We previously observed lower BMD of the proximal femur with higher consumption of NSC756093 coffee in men. Epidemiological research in men regarding coffee consumption and risk of fracture is rather scarce. The male part of the multicentre MEDOS case-control study by Kanis et al, 1999, collected 730 hip fracture cases and 1,132 controls from Southern Europe. In this study no association between past coffee consumption or caffeine intake recalled after the fracture event and the risk of hip fracture was demonstrated. In a study by Kiel et al, a part of the Framingham cohort was investigated to assess intake of caffeine and risk of hip fracture. In males, caffeine intake corresponding to two cups of coffee or four cups of tea was associated with an increased risk of hip fracture, although this was not statistically significant and based on a limited number of fractures. In a large Norwegian cohort study including over 20,000 men with mean age 47 years, dietary factors in relation to hip fracture incidence were examined. With 11 years of follow-up and 56 incident hip fracture cases, the authors did not observe an association between coffee intake and fracture risk. In a prospective cohort of Swedish middle-aged men followed for 30 years and aiming at identifying risk factors for hip fracture, Trimpou et al found that coffee consumption was associated with a lower risk of hip fracture. There seemed not to be a dose-response effect in the unadjusted analysis and in the multivariate analysis, coffee consumption was dichotomized into any consumption and no consumption. The authors state that this association could be explained by adverse characteristics among those who did not drink coffee. The three cohort studies with information on estimates in men have been summarized in a recent metaanalysis, TM5275 sodium salt suggesting a decreased risk of hip fracture with increasing coffee consumption. The analysis is greatly influenced by the Trimpou study with a weight of 76%. To summarise, the few available cohort studies in men have limitations because of few fractures, that the only exposure considered was caffeine as a pooled estimate, i.e. the exposure calculation included not only coffee, or that coffee consumption was considered as any vs. no consumption.