For the treatment of gastric cancer. Aerobic exercise not only reduces 6-gingerol Cardiovascular risk but also affects the brain by increasing angiogenesis, neurogenesis and synaptogenesis. Animal studies have identified brain regions that respond to exercise, including angiogenesis-related processes in motor circuits in rats, mature aged monkeys, as well as the mouse hippocampus. Replication of these findings in human studies has been limited to date, and performed primarily in healthy cohorts. For example, healthy older adults participated in a 12 month walking intervention and this contributed to increasing the volume of the hippocampus. Cross-sectionally, highly active older adults have increased perfusion in the precuneus region compared to age-matched sedentary adults. Peak volume of oxygen uptake, a measure of the capacity to transport and use oxygen during exercise, is associated with increased grey matter volume in multiple brain regions among older healthy adults. The regions include the anterior cingulate, inferior frontal gyrus and superior temporal gyrus, as reported by others. Aside from the hippocampus, subcortical grey matter regions are typically not reported in human exercise neuroimaging literature, despite evidence from the animal studies that exercise impacts the basal ganglia. These studies and compelling reports on Alzheimer’s patients provide the impetus to further characterize exercise-related effects on the brain in older clinical populations at risk for cognitive decline. Cardiovascular and/or cerebrovascular patients are likely to garner significant benefits and they are therefore the focus of the current study. Coronary artery disease involves intraluminal narrowing of the arteries that supply blood to the heart and it is associated with a cluster of vascular risk factors such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, history of smoking, increased central adiposity and sedentary behaviour. These factors have been variably linked with grey matter loss and posited to contribute to brain hypoperfusion. Importantly, VO2Peak is a strong predictor of cardiac and all-cause mortality in CAD patients. Exercisebased cardiac rehabilitation is thus indicated for the secondary prevention of cardiovascular events. The cardiopulmonary exercise test is used to quantify VO2Peak, a highly reproducible objective measure of cardiopulmonary fitness. Clinically, the VO2Peak is used to assess the efficacy of exercise interventions. Although increasing VO2Peak is linearly related to a decreased risk of cardiovascular mortality, individual responses to exercise interventions can vary considerably. In the current study, VO2Peak is used to explain within-cohort variance seen on two magnetic resonance imaging techniques: 1) cortical and subcortical grey matter density using voxel based morphometry and 2) cerebral blood flow using whole brain pseudocontinuous arterial spin Echinacoside labeling. VBM is an ideal structural analysis technique to study both cortical and subcortical grey matter. Previous neuroimaging studies in healthy adults have found GM density in both cortical and subcortical regions to be correlated with exercise. pcASL is a sensitive technique that can provide blood flow measures that complement structural imaging.