Furthermore, it has been shown that in the olfactory bulb, high concentration of BMP4 inhibits proliferation of neuronal progenitors, promotes their exit from the cell cycle and initiates differentiation. In addition, BMP4 promotes glial differentiation of progenitor cells from the forebrain subventricular zone and CNS derived tumor cells. Treatment of sorted P1 population with BMP4 did not increase the number of GFAP IR cells after six days of culture, nor did we observe any GFAP positive cells 4 weeks after transplantation into the adult striatum of BMP4 treated P1 cells. This suggests the P1 cells are committed to neuronal fate and that BMP4 enhances their maturation and survival as demonstrated by an increase in the percentage of NeuN IR cells in BMP4 treated transplanted P1 cells, relative to controls. Our electrophysiological data support the role of BMP-4 in supporting functional maturation. Application of this methodology for purification of a defined population of highly enriched immature neuronal cells from a heterogeneous population of human NSC progeny provides a renewable source of cells that may have potential for in vitro studies such as drug screening, neurotoxicolgy, electrophysiology and to act as a source of cells for implantation to repair the injured CNS. However, additional work still needs to be carried out to determine if the purified implanted donor cells are able to functionally integrate. There are many research studies showing therapeutic application of Tulathromycin B neural stem and progenitor cells in animal models of diseases including reduction in seizure activity, alleviating neuropathic pain and restoring disrupted neuronal circuitry in spinal cord injury, increasing axonal sprouting in neonatal hypoxic ischemic brain injury, and delaying onset and progression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Applying the methodology Catharanthine sulfate developed in this study to human neural stem cells, we hope to be able to define the starting population of donor cells which may provide the opportunity to determine the cell type responsible for a phenotypic change, to investigate the potential mechanisms, and adjust dosing strategies based on a particular disease or disease stage. Application of supportive factors that increase survival of the immature neurons after transplantation, in particularly when used together with a permissive vehicle such as a 3-dimensional matrix, may increase the practical application of NSC as a source of donor material for cell replacement therapies. However, recent concern over the intentional or accidental release of variola virus has led some of the world’s nations to stockpile live VACV vaccines. With the risk of variola virus release minimal, concerns regarding live VACV vaccine’s rare but serious side effects and many contraindications have led to the pursuit of safer smallpox vaccine strategies. Modified vaccinia virus Ankara, a highly attenuated VACV-derived vaccine, has been under development and will likely soon become a safer alternative. However, subunit vaccination is an approach that does not rely on production of a virus. We evaluated the efficacy and mechanism by which a protein-based subunit vaccine can protect against orthopoxvirus infection. After vaccination, protection from orthopoxvirus disease heavily depends on antibody responses in animal models and humans. Many of the responses are directed against viral surface proteins on the two virion forms, mature virus and extracellular virus. The MV form is the most abundant virion form in infected cells and is believed to mediate spread between hosts.