Although some fish AFPs and insect AFPs have shown activity as hydrate inhibitors in propane hydrate, the GFP fusions used here have never been tested, nor have the Torin 1 tested hydrates been formed using a gas mixture that would be found in a high-pressure oil and gas pipeline. Conditions in pipelines can vary, but deep sea lines are generally at 4uC and$1 000 PSI, an environment that we approximated here. These parameters did not seem to have deleterious effects on the proteins because even when the gas hydrates were thawed and the proteins used a second time, inhibition activity was still observed. All of the investigated AFPs showed hydrate inhibition as determined by gas uptake assessments. Similar to the observations on the single THF crystals, LpAFP-GFP and Type III AFP-GFP showed hydrate inhibition that was modestly higher than the chemical inhibitor PVP. GFP showed little inhibition, possibly only due to a colligative effect since, as indicated, no incorporation into THF hydrate was seen. Of the additives tested, Type III AFP was demonstrably superior with an overall 18% decrease in gas hydrate formation, validating again the observations made with this protein on THF single hydrate crystals. In conclusion, we have demonstrated for the first time that AFPs irreversibly adsorb to sII hydrate surfaces and we speculate that they act as inhibitors by binding to the 111 faces of the these symmetrical cubic crystals. We further consider that the identified ice-binding residues of these proteins may not be identical to the residues that interact with the hydrate surface, but the way is now clear for such an investigation. In addition, these experiments have established that AFPs are suitable models for understanding hydrate-inhibitor reactions and offer the prospect that these proteins, or their modified cognates, will be useful as new and more effective biologically-based hydrate inhibitors. Recently, the outbreak of H1N1 influenza A virus is a pandemic of a new strain of influenza virus identified in April 2009, commonly referred to as “swine flu”. Regorafenib Within only four months, the pandemic has caused many deaths from the first detected country Mexico to almost all countries of the world. The H1N1 influenza virus is quite familiar to us because it had caused the 1918�C1919 Spain pandemic that had infected 5% of the world population and resulted in 20�C50 million deaths worldwide. In July 2009 the WHO enhanced the warning to phase 6, meaning that the spread of H1N1 influenza virus has become a serious global pandemic. It was anticipated that a stronger outbreak might occur in the coming winter. The even worse news is that cases were reported that several strains of H1N1 influenza A viruses were resistant to oseltamivir. Although an influenza virus only possesses eight genes, its simplicity has not stopped it from wreaking havoc on human beings for centuries. “The only thing predictable about influenza is its unpredictability”. Influenza A virus has the ability to undergo changes by the mechanisms of antigenic drift and shift, resulting in new evolving virus strains, which may be extremely toxic and drug-resistant. Given that influenza shifts may occur every 20�C30 years, the danger of future influenza A pandemics highlights the need to develop more effective drugs. The threat of an impending influenza pandemic, possibly through the mutations of the present avian strain H5N1 or swine strain H1N1, has triggered a global effort to develop more effective antivirus drugs.