According to our results, the above-ground and below-ground fungal assemblages do not follow similar environmental drivers. The phyllosphere assemblage was found to be dominated by ascomycetes, as has already been described, whereas both ascomycetes and basidiomycetes contributed to root-associated fungal assemblage in a similar proportion, even if EcM fungi are dominated by basidiomycetes. While the phyllosphere assemblage appeared to be largely related to climatic variables, the rootassociated assemblage was related to both edaphic and climatic variables. To go further, it appears important to analyse the data at lower taxonomic levels or taking into account the ecological trait differences. It is possible that the fungal taxonomic groups are too heterogeneous to be pooled into one assemblage. Considering the whole assemblage might therefore blur the relationship of sub-assemblage with environmental gradients and impede our understanding of fungal community ecology. Abundant and abnormal accumulation of the hyperphosphorylated microtubule-associated protein Tau is a pathological feature.Moreover, adding imidazolinone resistance to barley cultivars adapted to the PNW will certainly improve the sustainability of barley, which is one of the best rotational crops for this region. Forest microbial assemblages hold major roles in ecosystem functioning. However, the distribution patterns of fungal assemblages are poorly understood because few studies have been performed at large geographical scales. The climatic factors influencing the microbial richness and composition are equally still poorly understood compared to macroorganisms. The diversity of macroorganisms decreases with increased latitude and, depending on the group, a hump-shaped distribution or a decrease in species richness with elevation is observed for plants, vertebrates and invertebrates. These large-scale distribution patterns are of special interest in the context of climate change. Indeed, there is an increasing amount of evidence showing changes in plant communities subject to global warming, in particular along elevation gradients with a shift in the distribution of plants species notably more pronounced at higher elevations. While it appears that there is a considerable fungal diversity, communities of fungi have been less studied compared with those of macroorganisms. This is due to the difficulty in describing microbial communities adequately. However, advances in molecular techniques, such as the recent high-throughput sequencebased technologies now allow far easier characterisation of fungal assemblages and improved Dinaciclib estimation of fungal species richness. Today, sequence-based identification is recognized as a powerful method that has significantly improved our perception of fungi in a variety of environmental conditions and habitats, particularly along environmental gradients.