Ep-ICD expression may also help avoid overtreatment of patients at low risk of disease recurrence. Moreover, as many as two-thirds of people with depression experience suicidal ideation, and 10–15% commit suicide. The suicide rate in South Korea is increasing: the average number of daily deaths was 38.8. Korea also had the highest rate of suicide among the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development countries in 2011. Although a variety of risk factors for suicidal behavior have been identified among persons with depression, including prior suicide attempts, hopelessness, co-morbid alcohol/substance abuse, further depressive episodes, and earlier age of onset of a major depressive disorder, risk prediction is known to be imprecise. Indeed, false-positive and -negative findings are common. To predict and prevent suicidality, it is important to understand which personality traits that may be linked to suicidal behavior, and whether suicidality develops in the context of a time-limited psychiatric disorder or as part of a situation-dependent process. Certain predisposing and protective factors for suicidal behavior lie in the structure of personality. In several previous studies, personality, as represented in Cloninger’s temperament and character model and measured by the Temperament and Character Inventory, has been investigated in suicidal patients. TCI is a widely used inventory that evaluates four major dimensions of temperament: harm avoidance, novelty seeking, reward dependence, and persistence, together with three major character dimensions: self-directedness, cooperativeness, and self-transcendence. Temperament, as understood in this model, has been inferred largely from genetic studies of personality in humans and neurobiological studies with rodents. The dimensions of temperament have been hypothesized to relate to brain neurotransmitter systems. Two temperament traits have been repeatedly associated with suicidal behavior: higher NS and higher HA. Other personality traits, including low RD, SD, and CO and high ST, are also associated with suicidal behavior. However, previous studies have primarily compared psychiatric patients with a history of suicide LDK378 attempts either to patients without a history of suicide attempts or to healthy controls. All of these studies evaluated TCI during the acute phase of the patients’ illnesses; hence, TCI scores may have been affected by patients’ mood., and depressed mood has been shown to be associated with higher HA scores and lower SD and CO scores. To date, no study has specifically compared remitted depression patients who have attempted suicide to patients with and without suicidal ideation in the context of Cloninger’s temperament and character model as measured by the TCI. The aim of the present study was to compare the personality traits, indexed by TCI scores, of Korean patients with remitted major depressive disorder across three groups: patients with a history of suicide attempts ; patients with current suicidal ideation but without a history of suicide attempts.