the expression of cell proliferative antigen as well as particular molecules of mucosal stem cells or precursors including Msi-1, Lgr5 and ephrin-B3. Furthermore, mucosal and crypt areas are increased to a greatest extent in the BMMSCs-SCF treatment group after intestinal injury. The ideal treatment for PCa continues to be a challenge for oncologists worldwide. There are curative treatments for PCa however, these are associated with increased patient morbidity; some of these patients are over-treated while others are under-treated. The incidence of PCa continues to rise with increased use of the screening tool, prostate specific antigen resulting in an increase in indolent tumors that are managed by active surveillance, where patients would get biopsied periodically to detect disease progression. Management of PCa relies heavily on a variety of factors namely, physical examination, PSA level, Gleason score, clinical stage, tumor extent, invasion and imaging. Even with these clinical factors, prognosis is hard to define. Usually the size of tumor and appearance under microscope would mandate the patients’ treatment; some patients with good prognosis get the same treatment as patients with poor prognosis leading to under- or overtreatment. Furthermore, some PCa cases have diagnostic uncertainty where the pathology reports state “suspicious for cancer”. The patients with these diagnoses are usually sent for a repeat biopsy, causing more distress.

Thus, there is an unmet need for newer and better diagnostic and prognostic markers for more effective disease management. Epithelial cell adhesion molecule has been widely explored as an epithelial cancer antigen. However, it has been demonstrated many times that KGF has little beneficial effect when given after injury, making its usefulness for OB less likely, although it is possible that it aids in preventing further injury, thus enabling repair. A recent study of repeated bleomycin-induced lung injury did demonstrate that a slight delay in administering MSCs could ameliorate inflammation and fibrosis, possibly through secretion of IL-1RA. IL-1ra has also been shown to mediate beneficial effects of MSCs in murine lung injury models, but, again, only when given as a pre-treatment. Notwithstanding the non-exhaustive list of analytes we were able to assay for, TSG6 stands out as the most likely candidate for the MSC effect, although adjunct activity of the aforementioned cytokines cannot be ruled out. Further studies will be needed to determine the impact of MSC administration in combination with immunosuppressive medications to further evaluate their potential application in lung transplant recipients. More studies on the minimal effective dose and the need for cells versus cell-derived factors are also needed.

As lung transplant and HCT recipients are at increased risk of opportunistic infections due to immunosuppressive medications, this may provide an additional advantage. All these characteristics make MSCs an attractive management option for lung transplant recipients which merits further evaluation and will hopefully show some promising results in an ongoing clinical trial. vulnerabilities, symptoms and responses to treatments. There is now widespread international recognition of the importance of implementing sex/gender analysis in health research. To date stakeholders include research fund