Whereas a smaller number of skin swabs for Bd detection may have resulted in the false-negative classification of B. orientalis. Filtration of the water carrying amphibians consistently provided greater sensitivity for the detection of Bd than skin swabs, likely due to the collective sampling of Bd zoospores from a larger pool of animals than those individually sampled. It is important to note the possibility that the P. hongkongensis tested in this study may have been shipped in Bd-contaminated water and not themselves been infected, but this detail is irrelevant where primary survey intent is to detect pathogen presence in a shipment rather than prevalence. Still, it is surprising that all 72 P. hongkongensis tested negative for Bd, despite their immersion in Bd-positive water and the added potential for contamination caused by the water residue on each animal sampled. In summation, these data suggest an efficient screening method to identify pathogen presence in high volume aquatic amphibian shipments needs only to focus swabbing efforts on ranavirus detection and filter a sample of water to detect Bd, if knowledge of prevalence is not required. We have demonstrated the presence of Bd and ranavirus in Hong Kong’s trade sector and show that the risk of spillover through contaminated wastewater is particularly high. Considering these and prior findings, a limited window of opportunity exists to protect the region’s 24 species of native amphibians from tradeassociated pathogen exposure and potential decline. Eradication of these pathogens from wild amphibian populations is not known to be possible following establishment, calling for greater vigilance and proactive surveillance in high-risk regions where they have yet to be detected. Control over the presence of ranavirus and Bd in Hong Kong, a major hub of international amphibian trade, would likewise benefit global efforts to reduce the dispersal of these devastating amphibian pathogens. Depletion of dopamine in the nigrostriatal system attributes to the motor disturbances, vegetative, sensory and psychopathological symptoms in PD patients. Current available symptomatic therapy is primarily based on dopamine modulation or substitution strategies, which fail to prevent, delay or stop the process of PD. The progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons precedes onset of motor symptoms, with Gefitinib approximately 70% of neurons in the SNc being lost prior to the appearance of motor features. Hence, it is of great significance to diagnose PD during the early stage of the disease and subsequently prevent dopaminergic neurons in the SNc from degeneration in the management of PD. Over the past two decades, comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms responsible for cell death in PD has rendered the identification of putative neuroprotective and restorative treatment. Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide is a 38 amino acid neuropeptide, which is first isolated from ovine hypothalamus and now known to regulate the development, maintenance, function and plasticity of the nervous system, providing neuroprotective and neurotrophic support. PACAP and its receptors are present.